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Book by CU classics scholar finds gendered subversion in Athenian festival of Adonis

Listen to some of ancient Athens鈥� greatest writers and philosophers, from Plato to Aristophanes, and you鈥檒l come away thinking that the annual festival of Adonis was an absurd, over-the-top, insignificant 鈥� yet potentially dangerous 鈥� cult ritual observed by hysterical, wailing women.

But what if the women were engaged in a clever, subversive critique of their lot in male-dominated Athenian society, funeral practices and knuckle-dragging marriage traditions, and the men were simply too clueless to recognize it?

鈥淲omen were barred from the assembly and council and were not participants in the traditional mechanics鈥� of Athenian citizenship, says Laurialan Reitzammer, assistant professor of classics at the 澳门开奖结果2023开奖记录 and author of the new book听.

鈥淭his particular festival showcases lamentation. 鈥� I argue that it鈥檚 being used as a means of dissent and a critique of important cultural practices.鈥�

If you haven鈥檛 heard of the festival, here鈥檚 the rundown:

Women of Athens, from the wives of senators to prostitutes, commemorated the death of Aphrodite鈥檚 legendarily beautiful lover Adonis with a multi-day festival in the streets. According to various myths, the baby Adonis was so gorgeous that when Aphrodite entrusted him to Persephone, goddess of the underworld, she wouldn鈥檛 give him back. Zeus mandated he spend a third of the year with each goddess, with a third of the year to himself (which he chose to spend with Aphrodite).

During the festival, Athenian women across the social spectrum laid effigies of the dead lover in the streets, wailed over his death and carried newly sprouted pots to the rooftops as part of their lamentations.

The mystery of the Adonia has puzzled classicists and Greek scholars for centuries. Plato found it not just irritating, but fraught with potential for dissent, and in his famous 鈥淟ysistrata,鈥� one of Aristophanes鈥� characters describes it as depraved.

One recent scholar, Anne Burnett, has argued that society women cavorted and wailed with prostitutes as a ritualized expression of grief for the loss of their own sons, snatched into the world of manhood.

But based on a wide range of clues, from vase paintings, inscriptions and a few lines of ancient Greek, Reitzammer argues that the festival was a subversive poke at the men who found it so, well, lamentable.

She argues, for example, that the festival critiqued brutal marriage practices endured by Athenian girls.

鈥淕reek marriage was essentially ritualized abduction, in which a young woman of 13 was taken from her home and often moved far away,鈥� she says.

The story of Adonis is the same, with the gender roles reversed, she says. And where Athenian weddings featured songs of lamentation for the lost virginity of the bride, a kind of death, Adonis is the one who dies in the myth.

鈥�(Reitzammer) persuasively reinterprets the Adonia as a ritual that brought Athenian women鈥檚 dissenting voices into the public arena to critique male social institutions and values,鈥� writes Laura McClure, editor for the University of Wisconsin Press鈥檚听Studies in Classicsseries.

Reitzammer undertook the extremely difficult challenge of teaching herself ancient Greek after reading Don DeLillo鈥檚 novel 鈥淭he Names,鈥� which takes place in Greece and features a female archaeologist and linguist. She went on to do two years at UCLA鈥檚 post-baccalaureate program and earn a PhD at the University of California, Berkeley.

鈥淭he Greeks are still just so with us. We keep raising them from the dead in our culture. But ancient Rome and Greece are commonly invoked by people in ways that aren鈥檛 terribly accurate,鈥� she says.

She points out that the online music service, Pandora, suggests that the Pandora myth is mostly about fostering curiosity, when in fact, she was a 鈥渂eautiful evil鈥� inflicted as punishment on mortals by fickle gods.

While she expects a mostly scholarly audience for the new book, she believes that teaching classics can provide students with invaluable critical-thinking skills.

鈥淐lassics teaches students how to deal with complex ideas, deal with evidence and ask, 鈥榃hat is this text telling me? What assumptions am I bringing to it?鈥� 鈥� If we can make students good readers and good critical thinkers, we may have some hope, and that鈥檚 what classics does,鈥� she says.

Clay Evans is a free-lance writer and longtime Boulder journalist.

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